Food in an uncertain future
This report sets out the risks to food security in the Middle East and North Africa from climate change, and how these vulnerabilities interact with other key trends and sources of risk.
Mitigation: Kuwait has committed to moving to a lower carbon equivalent economy to avoid emissions increasing as a result of future development. Activities to facilitate this low carbon transition include improving petroleum products through increasing clean fuel, replacing the states old refinery, energy production from waste and renewable sources, and mass transit projects. Adaptation: Kuwait has five main adaption priorities. The first is addressing the vulnerability of coastal zones to climate change by developing a coastal information systems to predict sea level rise and support strategic coastal planning. Adapting to increasingly likely sandstorms will involve decreasing the amount of open desert, and increasing the amount of green belts and protected areas. This may also include addressing food insecurity by increasing Kuwait's domestic agricultural production. To address significant household electricity use for cooling, Kuwait will adapt to rising temperatures by implementing district cooling systems. Finally Kuwait will adapt to increasing water scarcity by increasing the efficiency of producing and using water. Kuwait will require significant support from other nations and organizations to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals. International Climate and Environmental Commitments: The Paris Agreement (Party), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Party), Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Party), United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (Party), Convention on Biological Diversity (Party), Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (Party), Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Party)
Summary
Kuwait is a coastally urbanized, water-stressed, country. As a result of climate change and sea level rise it is at increased risk of desertification, sandstorms, drought, and flooding. Coastal ecosystems and infrastructure, as well as water availability, are major concerns. Kuwait is already very dependent on the desalination of sea water which can be quite energy intensive and damaging to coastal ecosystems, the need for desalinated water will increases with rainfall variability from climate change and it will exacerbate the impacts of other climate change challenges like sea level rise and vegetation loss. Kuwait's economy is based in petroleum production and export, falling oil prices related to global mitigation efforts would worsen existing development challenges related to the supply of basic provisions and opportunities for the country's growing population.
International Commitments and Reporting
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Nationally Determined Contribution Under the Paris Agreement - https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/pages/Party.aspx?party=KWT
NDC Monitoring and Reporting
World Bank Country Factsheet on Intended NDCs - http://spappssecext.worldbank.org/sites/indc/PDF_Library/KW.pdf
World Bank’s Climate Knowledge Portal - https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kuwait
ClimateWatch Profile - https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/KWT
NDC Partnership Page - http://ndcpartnership.org/countries-map/country?iso=KWT
SDG Voluntary National Review
2019 Voluntary National Review - https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/kuwait
National SDG Monitoring and Reporting
World Bank Overview - https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc
UNDP's Open SDG Data Hub - http://unstats-undesa.opendata.arcgis.com/
NDCs and SDGs
Mapping of NDC-SDG Connections - https://klimalog.die-gdi.de/ndc-sdg/country/KWT
NDCs, SDGs, and Climate Change
NDC Partnership Dashboard on NDCs and relation to the SDGs and Climate Change Vulnerability - http://ndcpartnership.org/climate-watch/ndcs-sdg
Emissions Data
Kuwait does not currently have a dynamic online emissions tracking platform, but recent emissions information can be found here - https://unfccc.int/documents/198624
Sendai and Hyogo Frameworks
Sendai Framework Data Readiness Review Report - https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=53141&cid=92
Natural Disasters in the Middle East and North Africa: A Regional Overview - http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/211811468106752534/pdf/816580WP0REPLA0140same0box00PUBLIC0.pdf
National Coordination and Reporting
National Appropriate Mitigation Actions
No Action to date - https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/PublicNAMA/SitePages/Country.aspx?CountryId=92
National Action Plans
The World Bank reports Kuwait has developed a National Strategy and Action Plan (NSAP) for long term greenhouse gas mitigation, but it is not publicly accessible.
Environmental management is in the purview of the Kuwait EPA - https://epa.org.kw/
National Strategies Related to International Mechanisms
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan -https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/kw/kw-nbsap-v2-ar.pdf
National Regulations/Policies
Kuwait Vision 2035 - http://www.newkuwait.gov.kw/
Law No. 42 of 2014 on Environmental Protection - https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=99818
Law No 21/1995 Kuwait Environment Public Authority. Further amended: Law No 16/1996 - http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/law-no-21-1995-kuwait-environment-public-authority-further-amended-law-no-16-1996/
Kuwait Renewable Energy Target - https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kuwait/name-157557-en.php
Innovative Renewable Energy Research Program - https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kuwait/name-46867-en.php
National Renewable Resource Assessment Mapping - https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kuwait/name-46868-en.php
Energy Conservation Code of Practice - http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/energy-conservation-code-of-practice-r-6/
Renewable Energy Building and Site Integration - https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/kuwait/name-46870-en.php
National Platform
Project Progress Towards Vision 2035 Sustainable Living Environment - http://www.newkuwait.gov.kw/r7.aspx
Reviews of National Legislation and Policy
London School of Economics: National Climate Legislation - http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/country-profiles/kuwait/
Financing
Key Areas of Climate Investment
Financing for engagement with multilateral environmental programming and reporting - https://www.thegef.org/project/enabling-kuwait-prepare-its-second-national-communication-snc-and-biennial-update-report-bur
Financing for monitoring national water resources - https://www.isdb.org/projects/data/uid-pj0016499
Financing for improving the efficiency, and reducing the emissions, from petroleum production - https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction - https://www.knpc.com/en/strategic-projects/clean-fuel-project-cfp
Selected Relevant Sources of Climate Related Funding
Climate Funds Update - https://climatefundsupdate.org/data-dashboard/#1541245745457-d3cda887-f010
OECD Climate Change - https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/
OECD Investment for Green Growth - https://www.oecd.org/environment/green.htm
Multilateral Funders
Kuwait receives climate funding from the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, and the Islamic Development Bank, among others.
Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning
Vulnerability/Adaptation Capacity Data
Notre Dame's Global Adaptation Initiative Vulnerability/Readiness Climate Change Index - https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
Biodiversity and climate change in Kuwait - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235314644_Biodiversity_and_climate_change_in_Kuwait
Environmental Performance Index - https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/
Natural Disaster/Hazards
PreventionWeb - https://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/asia/kwt/
Energy Supply and Demand
The Kuwait Energy Outlook - https://www.sei.org/featured/kuwait-releases-first-ever-energy-outlook/
Key Energy Statistics - https://www.iea.org/countries/Kuwait/
Land Use
Land-Use Mapping for the State of Kuwait using the Geographical Information System (GIS) - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262347395_Land-use_mapping_for_the_State_of_Kuwait_using_the_Geographical_Information_System_GIS
Economic Development/Quality of Life and Livelihoods
Prospects for Climate Change Integration into the GCC Economic Diversification Strategies - http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/86873/1/Al-Sarihi_Prospects%20for%20climate%20change_2018.pdf
Summaries of Programming and Priorities
Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in Kuwait's Second National Communication - https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/94235106_Kuwait-NC2-2-KUWAIT%20SNC%20%20final%20v2.pdf
Case Studies
Islamic Development Bank Reports
IsDB Country Page - https://www.isdb.org/kuwait
Climate, Climate Change, and Environmental Data
Natural Disaster/Hazards Data
ThinkHazard - http://thinkhazard.org/en/report/137-kuwait
Energy Supply and Demand Data
Renewable Energy Mapping - http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/countrySearch/?countryCode=KWT
Land Use Data
FAOStat - http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/
Weather/Meteorological Data
World Meteorological Organization Profile - https://cpdb.wmo.int/kuwait
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